When you participate in a 401(k) plan, both your contributions and your employer’s contributions can help you build retirement savings. However, not all the money in your account may fully belong to you right away. Employer contributions typically follow a vesting schedule, meaning you earn the right to keep those funds over time. If you leave your job before becoming fully vested, you might forfeit some or all of the employer contributions made on your behalf.
A financial advisor can help you assess how vesting affects your retirement strategy.
Vesting Basics
Vesting refers to the percentage of employer contributions to your 401(k) that you own outright. Your salary deferrals, the money you contribute, are always 100% vested. No matter when you leave your job, you cannot lose your contributions. However, your employer’s matching or profit-sharing contributions are usually subject to a vesting period.
If you leave your job before becoming fully vested, you will forfeit any unvested employer contributions and the investment earnings they generated.
So, what happens to 401(k) money that is not vested? Typically, the money you forfeit returns to the employer’s 401(k) plan to cover administrative costs. The company may also redistribute it among the remaining participants.
What Happens to Money in a 401(k) That Isn’t Vested?
If you leave your job before you are fully vested, you forfeit the unvested portion of employer contributions and any associated earnings. These amounts stay in the employer’s plan. This is either to reduce costs or to share among other employees, depending on the plan’s terms.
However, any vested funds, including your contributions and vested employer contributions, are yours to keep. You can choose to leave the money in the plan or roll it over into another retirement account. You can also cash it out, although this can trigger significant taxes and penalties.
Properly managing what happens to both vested and unvested funds when you change jobs can have a lasting impact on your retirement savings. If you are unsure of your vesting status or the best rollover strategy, a financial advisor can help clarify your options.
Employers can apply different vesting schedules that determine when you gain full ownership of employer contributions. Federal rules set limits on how long vesting can take, usually capping at six years for graded schedules and three years for cliff schedules.
While many employer contributions are subject to vesting, certain amounts and events result in immediate vesting. While you cannot always control a company’s vesting schedule, there are strategies to help maximize the amount of employer contributions you ultimately keep. Before accepting a new job offer, review the employer’s 401(k) plan documents to understand the vesting schedule. Some employers offer immediate vesting, especially in competitive industries, while others follow longer graded or cliff vesting timelines. If you are considering changing jobs, it may be worth timing your departure to coincide with key vesting milestones. For example, if you are just months away from becoming fully vested, staying longer could mean keeping thousands of additional dollars in employer contributions. Finally, if you have negotiating power, such as during executive hiring discussions, you may be able to request accelerated or immediate vesting as part of your total compensation package. While this is less common, it can be an option for high-level hires or those in industries facing talent shortages. Vesting rules play a crucial role in determining how much of your 401(k) balance you can take with you when leaving a job. While your contributions are always fully vested, employer contributions often require you to meet certain service requirements. Knowing what happens to 401(k) money that is not vested can help you avoid surprises and make better career and financial decisions. Photo credit: ©iStock.com/SolStock, ©iStock.com/pixdeluxe, ©iStock.com/AlexanderFord Read the full article hereVesting Schedules
Immediately Vested Contributions and Other Events
Strategies to Maximize Vesting
Bottom Line
Tips for Retirement Planning
Related Articles
